Loneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was fifty-two percent more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was twenty-five percent more likely to do the same.
Earlier findings showed that happiness, obesity and the ability to stop smoking can also spread like infections within social groups.
The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.
The study began in nineteen forty-eight to investigate the causes of heart disease.
Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.
The new findings involved more than five thousand people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.
For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.
Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about forty-eight days a year.
The study found that having a lonely friend can add about seventeen days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent, or two and a half days.
Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends — and more likely that society will reject them.
John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their Social Networks.
The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a “protective barrier” against loneliness.
This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.
And that’s the VOA Special English Health Report. You can find transcripts and MP3s of all of our reports at voaspecialenglish.com. You can also post your comments and read what others are saying. And you can find us on YouTube and Twitter at VOA Learning English.
(Adapted from a radio program broadcast 06Jan2010)
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Biography of Robert R. Prechter, Jr.
Robert R. Prechter, Jr., CMT, is founder and president of Elliott Wave International, the worlds largest independent financial forecasting firm. He has been writing market commentary since 1976. In 1984, Bob set a record in the options division of the U.S. Trading Championship with a real-money trading account. In December 1989, Financial News Network (now CNBC) named him “Guru of the Decade.” Bob served for nine years on the national Board of the Market Technicians Association and in 1990-1991 served as its president. During the 1990s, he expanded his firm to provide round-the-clock analysis on global financial markets. Bob has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash – You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Crash and Depression, was a New York Times best-seller. In 1999, Bob received the CSTAs first annual A.J. Frost Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Technical Analysis. In 2003, Traders Library granted him its Hall of Fame award.
Prechters current interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction (1999-2003). This two-book set presents a theory of endogenously regulated social mood and its manifestation in social action. In July 2007, The Journal of Behavioral Finance published The Financial/Economic Dichotomy: A Socionomic Perspective, a paper by Prechter and his colleague, Dr. Wayne Parker. Prechter has made presentations on his socionomic theory to the London School of Economics, Georgia Tech, MIT, SUNY and academic conferences. He recently created the Socionomics Institute, which is dedicated to explaining socionomics, and he funds the Socionomics Foundation, which supports academic research in the field.
Prechter attended Yale on a full scholarship. He is a member of the Shakespeare Fellowship, the Shakespeare Oxford Society and the Triple Nine Society.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Biography of Robert R. Prechter, Jr.
Robert R. Prechter, Jr., CMT, is founder and president of Elliott Wave International, the worlds largest independent financial forecasting firm. He has been writing market commentary since 1976. In 1984, Bob set a record in the options division of the U.S. Trading Championship with a real-money trading account. In December 1989, Financial News Network (now CNBC) named him “Guru of the Decade.” Bob served for nine years on the national Board of the Market Technicians Association and in 1990-1991 served as its president. During the 1990s, he expanded his firm to provide round-the-clock analysis on global financial markets. Bob has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash – You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Crash and Depression, was a New York Times best-seller. In 1999, Bob received the CSTAs first annual A.J. Frost Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Technical Analysis. In 2003, Traders Library granted him its Hall of Fame award.
Prechters current interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction (1999-2003). This two-book set presents a theory of endogenously regulated social mood and its manifestation in social action. In July 2007, The Journal of Behavioral Finance published The Financial/Economic Dichotomy: A Socionomic Perspective, a paper by Prechter and his colleague, Dr. Wayne Parker. Prechter has made presentations on his socionomic theory to the London School of Economics, Georgia Tech, MIT, SUNY and academic conferences. He recently created the Socionomics Institute, which is dedicated to explaining socionomics, and he funds the Socionomics Foundation, which supports academic research in the field.
Prechter attended Yale on a full scholarship. He is a member of the Shakespeare Fellowship, the Shakespeare Oxford Society and the Triple Nine Society.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Biography of Robert R. Prechter, Jr.
Robert R. Prechter, Jr., CMT, is founder and president of Elliott Wave International, the worlds largest independent financial forecasting firm. He has been writing market commentary since 1976. In 1984, Bob set a record in the options division of the U.S. Trading Championship with a real-money trading account. In December 1989, Financial News Network (now CNBC) named him “Guru of the Decade.” Bob served for nine years on the national Board of the Market Technicians Association and in 1990-1991 served as its president. During the 1990s, he expanded his firm to provide round-the-clock analysis on global financial markets. Bob has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash – You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Crash and Depression, was a New York Times best-seller. In 1999, Bob received the CSTAs first annual A.J. Frost Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Technical Analysis. In 2003, Traders Library granted him its Hall of Fame award.
Prechters current interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction (1999-2003). This two-book set presents a theory of endogenously regulated social mood and its manifestation in social action. In July 2007, The Journal of Behavioral Finance published The Financial/Economic Dichotomy: A Socionomic Perspective, a paper by Prechter and his colleague, Dr. Wayne Parker. Prechter has made presentations on his socionomic theory to the London School of Economics, Georgia Tech, MIT, SUNY and academic conferences. He recently created the Socionomics Institute, which is dedicated to explaining socionomics, and he funds the Socionomics Foundation, which supports academic research in the field.
Prechter attended Yale on a full scholarship. He is a member of the Shakespeare Fellowship, the Shakespeare Oxford Society and the Triple Nine Society.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Biography of Robert R. Prechter, Jr.
Robert R. Prechter, Jr., CMT, is founder and president of Elliott Wave International, the worlds largest independent financial forecasting firm. He has been writing market commentary since 1976. In 1984, Bob set a record in the options division of the U.S. Trading Championship with a real-money trading account. In December 1989, Financial News Network (now CNBC) named him “Guru of the Decade.” Bob served for nine years on the national Board of the Market Technicians Association and in 1990-1991 served as its president. During the 1990s, he expanded his firm to provide round-the-clock analysis on global financial markets. Bob has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash – You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Crash and Depression, was a New York Times best-seller. In 1999, Bob received the CSTAs first annual A.J. Frost Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Technical Analysis. In 2003, Traders Library granted him its Hall of Fame award.
Prechters current interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction (1999-2003). This two-book set presents a theory of endogenously regulated social mood and its manifestation in social action. In July 2007, The Journal of Behavioral Finance published The Financial/Economic Dichotomy: A Socionomic Perspective, a paper by Prechter and his colleague, Dr. Wayne Parker. Prechter has made presentations on his socionomic theory to the London School of Economics, Georgia Tech, MIT, SUNY and academic conferences. He recently created the Socionomics Institute, which is dedicated to explaining socionomics, and he funds the Socionomics Foundation, which supports academic research in the field.
Prechter attended Yale on a full scholarship. He is a member of the Shakespeare Fellowship, the Shakespeare Oxford Society and the Triple Nine Society.
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.
Elliott Wave International Founder and CEO Robert Prechter appears regularly on Bloomberg television and has been featured on CNBC and media from around the world. Robert Prechter has written 13 books on finance, beginning with Elliott Wave Principle in 1978, which predicted a 1920s-style stock market boom. His 2002 title, Conquer the Crash, predicted the current crisis. Prechters latest interest is a new approach to social science, which he outlined in Socionomics—the Science of History and Social Prediction published in 2003.